RYLE (1900-1976)
Gilbert Ryle is an English philosopher. In his work The Concept of Mind, which has made important contributions to the philosophy of mind, he tries to eliminate Cartesian dualism and replace it with philosophical or analytical behaviorism. The fact that words have different contents in different contexts creates systematic ambiguity. In philosophy, it is necessary to move from metaphysical to everyday use of language.
According to Ryle, who uses the concept of the ghost in the machine dogma to criticize traditional dualism, which sees mental states as separate entities from bodily actions, this approach incorrectly separates the mind, body and behaviors. According to Ryle, the mind is not an object in itself, but a certain organization of human behavior and activities. The category mistake means placing a term or concept in an incorrect category.
AUSTIN (1911-1960)
John Langshaw Austin waqs a British philosopher. He analyzes speech itself as a type of action with the concept of speech acts. Increasing our awareness of words and their use sharpens our perception of phenomena and is a good start to solving philosophical problems. Taking words out of their contexts in everyday use leads to mistakes.
In his book What to Do with Words, he explains the concepts of ‘speech act’, ‘illocutionary act’ (I leave this house to my wife etc.) and describes their various forms. In his article Sensation and Sensibles, he criticizes the understanding of perception based on sense data due to illusions.